Marxist Literary Analysis - 1129 Words

Metafiction is a term given to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality. --Patricia Waugh, Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction.New York: Methuen, 1984. In many respects, Tim O Brien s The Things They Carried concerns the relationship between fiction and the narrator. In this novel, O Brien himself is the main character--he is a Vietnam veteran recounting his experiences during the war, as well as a writer who is examining the mechanics behind writing stories. These two aspects of the novel are juxtaposed to produce a work of literature that comments not only†¦show more content†¦As a collective entity, they are not only an audience to his life, but also serve as reflection of O Brien s life in its entirety. Drawing upon the ability of fiction to preserve life against death, O Brien says that, during wartime, that they were able to [keep] the dead alive with stories (239). To the living, stories were a way to keep the memory of the dead alive, but to the dead, it was the simple act of remembering that kept them alive: That s what a story does. The bodies are animated. You make the dead talk (232). This theme of preservatio n is exemplified by story of Linda, in which O Brien uses the power of storytelling and memory to keep people alive: Stories can save us. I m forty-three years old, and a writer now, and even still, right here, I keep dreaming Linda alive...They re all dead. But in a story, which is a kind of dreaming, the dead sometimes smile and sit up and return to the world. (225). Ultimately, this novel is not about Vietnam--in fact, it is not about war at all. It is about the narrator s attempt to find a place where the erosion of time will have no effect. By working through the threads of this novel, O Brien s intentions become obvious: He is fighting to preserve the physical against deterioration, and by extension, to preserve life by immortalizing it in fiction. He is not writing as a result of neurosis or as a form of therapy; he does this sinceShow MoreRelatedThe Gift Of The Magi1022 Words   |  5 PagesIn discussing Marxist literary criticism Peter Barry states, â€Å"So instead of seeing authors as primarily autonomous ‘inspired’ individuals whose ‘genius’ and creative imagination enables them to bring forth original and time-less works of art, the Marxist sees them as constantly formed by their social contexts in ways which they themselves would usually not admit† (Barry 152). His claim is certainly evident through a careful analysis of O’Henry’s short story. The Gift of the Magi appears to be a bittersweetRead MoreSocialist Feminist Criticism1164 Words   |  5 PagesDropped the Bomb on Me, Baby Feminism and gender studies have been described as having the ability to challenge literary and culture theory to confront the difficult task of assimilating the findings of an expanding sphere of inquiry (Contemporary Literary Criticism 567). This area of study has taken center stage during the last fifty years, not only in our society, but also in literary criticism. Although the terrain Feminism traverses can hardly be narrowed down to one single definition, the explorationRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1351 Words   |  6 Pagesworking proletariats and wealthy bourgeois. Therefore the focuses of this paper are the implications of hegemony and class alienation, the commoditization of human subclasses, and the commonalities with â€Å"The Tempest† and Shakespeare’s life. The analysis addresses the role of social class, the social context of work, the beneficiaries of work, and the implementation and championing of social value systems. This has releva nce because Shakespeare’s focus until ‘The Tempest’ primarily was through theRead MoreMarxism And Feminism In Sweat By Zora Neal Hurston949 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Marxism and Feminism in a literary work The literary element of Marxist feminism focuses on the idea in which women are oppressed through capitalism and private property. Starting from the Harlem Renaissance the Hurston’s work focuses on issues presenting on the turmoil of African-Americans from American literature in the nineteenth century on. Zora Neal Hurston’s work entitled â€Å"Sweat† is a prime example of how culture is affected by its cultures standards of economic â€Å"base†. The storyRead MoreFreudian Criticism Of Oedipus Complex1130 Words   |  5 Pagesto the analysis of The Narrator and the Oedipal complex, because Tyler says that his father is the one person hed want to fight the most. Again, we know that Tyler and the Narrator is the same person, but the fact that it is Tyler who is saying these hostile words shows us that the hostility that a child feels toward their father is strictly unconscious, because thats what the id is, and thats what Tyler is. â€Å"Fight Club† from the perspective of Marxist Theory The Marxist Literary lens isRead MoreThe School Of Marxist Criticism1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Strange American Approach In this particular assignment I want to focus in the school of Marxist criticism. And the reason why is because I find it very interesting to learn every concept of its background and the ways it is used in many literature works. Which this specific lens implies that those point of views are not the way to go. In other words it targets that there should not be an upper nor lower class or division of society rather there should only be one with equal opportunities, equalRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India1683 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore, starkly reveals the contradictions within capitalism in a way that a similar piece of fiction set within one culture and dealing with characters from that culture alone cannot. Prior to the analysis however, I would like to give a brief, pertinent explanation of the Marxist approach to the analysis of literature and of the terms I will be using. After years of study and research, Karl Marx published the first volume of his monumental Das Kapital in 1867. In it Marx presents his theory ofRead MoreMarxism Is A Method Of Socioeconomic Analysis1495 Words   |  6 Pagessocioeconomic analysis, originating from the mid-to-late 19th century works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that analyzes class relations and societal conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation. Marxist methodology originally used economic and sociopolitical inquiry to analyze and critique the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change. According to Marxist analysis, classRead MoreStructuralistic Criticism and Gerard Genette1053 Words   |  5 PagesGerard Genette writes at the outset in his essay ‘Structuralism and Literary Criticism’ that methods developed for the study of one discipline could be satisfactorily applied to the study of other discipline as well. This is what he calls â€Å"intellectual bricolage ’, borrowing a term from Claude Levi-Strauss. This is precisely so, so far as structuralism is concerned. Structuralism is the name given to Saussure’s approach to language as a system of relationship. But it is applied also to the studyRead MoreEssay about The Introduction of Feminist Criticism1815 Words   |  8 Pagescontributed a lot to the new rise of feminism. Such literary women as Austin, Bront#235;s, Eliot and Dickenson appeared that time. In the early 20th century, women finally gained the suffrage which marked the climax of the womens liberation movement. In the 1960s, New Feminism concerned with the human rights for black people again came to its climax. This time, it was more pervasive and comprehensive in all fields of society, according feminist literary criticism found its way to critical theories.

The Human Immune System Is A Complex Defence Mechanism...

The human immune system is a complex defence mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens. Our innate immunity provides humans with a thorough degree of protection, but epidemics are still common throughout the world. To give an example of scale, over 14 million people die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases. In New Zealand a majority of diseases have been eradicated, but some such as whooping cough and pneumococcal are still present. To reduce and stabilize the amount of cases of infected individuals, vaccines are administered to help our immune systems recognize and counteract harmful microorganisms that cause infection. Due to their proven effectiveness, the National Immunisation Schedule in New Zealand recommends that children be immunised for protection from 11 preventable diseases before they are 5 years old. This is not a mandatory vaccination programme, but is recommended by the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organisation. It is free of charge and the programme begins when babies’ reach six weeks of age. There are numerous conflicting viewpoints concerning the efficacy of vaccines. Globally, the medical community tends to agree that they are a safe, effective method of controlling dangerous epidemics. Incidents such as the MMR vaccine controversy in 1998 (the discredited claim that autism was linked to the combined vaccine) have tainted vaccines’ â€Å"safe† image, and the social backlash from that untrustworthy research paper are stillShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Between Cell in the Body and Pathogens in the Enviornment643 Words   |  3 Pagesconstant battle occurs between the cells in the body and the pathogens in the environment. As a result, humans have evolved a very complex immune system to protect against the pathogens. Some of the cells that make up the adaptive immune system are the T cells and B cells. They are the body’s defence against pathogens at a cellular level by recognising a range of features which may be present on a pathogen and are able to f acilitate the destruction of the pathogen by binding to it. Additionally, the cellsRead MoreHow the Body Defends Itself Against the Influenza Virus1005 Words   |  4 Pages This essay will outline the mechanisms by which the body defends itself against the Influenza Virus, more commonly referred to as ‘Flu’. Influenza viruses need to infect host cells in order to replicate. Most flu viruses are destroyed by the innate immune mechanisms involving components such as macrophages, interferons and natural killer cells, however some manage to avoid being detected by these early defence mechanisms and so are eliminated by the adaptive immune response. Although the skin barrierRead MoreA Complex System Or Context Of Your Choice1548 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe a complex system or context of your choice What is the system you have chosen? Describe some of its qualities The immune system is a defence mechanism inbuilt in all living organisms comprised of specific biological processes and structures. Its purpose is to protect against disease using the networks of cells, tissues and organs that work cohesively for protection. In order to function correctly, the immune system must be able to detect and distinguish an expansive variety of pathogens thatRead MoreA Report On Biological Knowledge Essay2261 Words   |  10 Pagesindividuals are shot-lived leaving little or no damage which is due to the immune system which combats infectious agents. The immune system is a complex system of organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and has a primary purpose of identifying foreign substances known as antigens. Antigens stimulate immune responses through the production of antibodies and the immune system provides protection from infectious diseases by noting them as foreign, killer microbes and supplyingRead MoreMicrobial Communitie s Found Within the Human Body.1451 Words   |  6 PagesMicroscopic studies of the human body have found that microbial cells greatly outnumber somatic cells with National Institutes of Health estimating the figure to be around 90%; these either being bacterial, fungal or otherwise non-human. Even though DNA sequencing techniques have allowed scientists to analyse the structures components and functions of some of these normal microbiota, a large fraction of them still remain unstudied and so therefore we have not yet understood the full extent as toRead MoreEstimation Of Plasma And Salivary9963 Words   |  40 Pageswithout which this task would not have been possible. Date : Place : Davangere. [Dr.Sachin Ganesan] VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED 5-ASA 5-Aminosalicylic Acid ANS Autonomic Nervous System BD Behcet’s Disease CAPB Coloamidopropyl Betaine CAT Catalase CD Cluster Differentiation CHF Chronic Heart Failure CNS Central Nervous System CO2 Carbon Dioxide CuZn - SOD Copper Zinc Superoxide Dismutase DMI Dimethyl Isosorbide DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid EIA Enzyme Immuno Assay EM Erythema Multiforme ESR ErythrocyteRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagesthe recognition and appreciation of the application of scientific principles are of utmost importance. If the resources of our world are to be properly utilized for the enhancement of man’s life, then an understanding of the responsibilities that human beings have to each other and their environment must be developed. Embedded in this portfolio is a wealth of information covering many aspects of science and will therefore play a major part in preparing citizens who can survive in the changing worldRead MoreNanotech 1AC Essay13565 Words   |  55 PagesNanotechnology,† 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=engidnews=3920olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramà ©rica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in Mexico, could pose serious threats to human health and the environment, cautions a new study. Far from a policy of precaution vis-à  -vis these new technologies, products are entering the market without regulation to guarantee their safety or labels to inform of their use, researcher Guillermo Foladori of the public AutonomousRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesUnion and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-0230-55379-8 ISBN-10: 0-230-55379-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mergers and acquisitions : current issues / edited by Greg N. G regoriou

Cialis Free Essays

Cialis Case Analysis I. Problem: Lilly ICOS LLC (â€Å"Lily†), a young biotech start-up, is going to launch a new drug Cialis for male impotence treatment. In the existing ED drug market, Viagra has gained a huge success and Pfizer is accelerating its marketing pace. We will write a custom essay sample on Cialis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem with Lily is which patient segment to target and how to position itself in the marketplace in launching the Cialis. II. Alternatives: ) Follow a Beat Strategy and Come Up with a Differentiated Positioning + High profit prospect by reaching a broad market including current users, dropouts and new users + Easy to build the brand by differentiation of 36-hour effectiveness, more flexibilities and rare visual irregularities + Consistent with Lily’s innovative marketing strategy of integrating into product development and introduction (i. e. first-† and â€Å"best-in-class†) – High risk as a new entrant due to Viagra’s domination in the ED treatment marketplace – Significant marketing investment and innovative marketing tactics are required to make the differentiation – Lack of competency to convince the physicians of its superiority and difficult to persuade the current Viagra users to switch to Cialis 2) Follow a Compete Strat egy and Go Head-to-Head with Viagra’s Positioning + Seize the competitor’s users and re-capture the dropouts as 90% of Viagra currents users and 84% dropouts are interested in trying the new drug + Quicken its prevalence by making analogous positioning, i. e. similar level of price and target customer, etc. + Save marketing costs on segmentation and targeting Fierce competition to confront directly with the ED treatment giant Viagra which has five-year history – Me-too positioning is not consistent with Lily’s focus on development of innovative drugs and competitor may fight back – The characteristics such as flexibility and less onset time may be ignored by customers 3) Follow a Niche Strategy and Target a Specific Segment + Modest competition and lower risk by targeting a specific segment (i. e. the dropouts from Viagra) + Less investment in marketing and sales force + Easily accepted by this specific targeted segment – A limited market sh are restraining the profits – Need to price much cheaper than competitors – Difficult for future growth and expansion to other segments III. Recommendation: Lily should adopt a beat strategy with a differentiated positioning to pursue a broad market. The current needs of the customers for ED treatment are primarily longer duration and flexibility. By targeting the ED patients and their partners demanding for a quality life, Lily should position Cialis as a â€Å"quality-of-life† drug which is best-in-class and more than a treatment drug. To patients, Lily may emphasis the 36-hour effectiveness and intake without regard of food, which offers great flexibility for men. Meanwhile, Lily can educate the female partners to identify the cause for their male partners’ ED and implicate that Cialis can improve their relationship with high satisfaction. To the physicians, it’s important for Lily to convey the information of Cialis’s effectiveness and safety, such as less onset time and rare visual irregularities. It’s advisable to employ the direct-to-consumer advertising, beyond the media reports, to arise both the patients’ and partners’ attention to ED problem and address Cialis’s prowess of creating flexibility. In addition, Lily should price Cialis a little bit cheaper than Viagra or the same as Viagra. It will label Cialis as a premium product and gain a comparative advantage over Viagra. Moreover, offering free samples to customers can accelerate the acceptance and prevalence of Cialis. How to cite Cialis, Essay examples Cialis Free Essays They have DEED problems- which lead to feeling personal embarrassment; Question their role In their relationships; Sense of unfairness to their female partners; trained relationships; Self-identity problems; questioning role in all contexts of life; questioning place in the world. Where? From a local drugstore; directly from a Doctor; from a mail order drugstore; Not usual drug store; another party getting it; in other countries. How? They intake prescription to engage in intimacy with sexual partner. We will write a custom essay sample on Cialis or any similar topic only for you Order Now SOOT Analysis Strengths: 1 Eli Lily and CICS is a great source for product team. Eli Lilly have plenty experience to bring drugs to the market. CICS have strong technical competence with proven trench in clinical result. 2 Compared to Vicarage, Scalia can last up to 36 hours, unaffected by meals, rare visual Irregularities etc. 3 Good operationally and financially positioned to enter the market. Weakness: 1 Low compound Annual Growth Rates (CARR) In Germany (3. 6%) and France (14. 8%) Much lower value than comparable countries such as the US. This may lead to low return in these markets. Brayer’s likely positioning as a â€Å"niche† drug treating diabetes along with DEED, limits the strategies that Lilly CICS LLC can explore ND employ. 3 CICS have no marketing competence to date. How much control will they realistically have marketing decisions given their lack of experience? Will their lack of marketing competence slowdown elements of the launch/ complicate processes? Opportunity 1 . Promoting to couples (both married and living together) in a comb ined campaign. 2. The high dropout rates of Vicarage after first year offers potential targeting for Lilly CICS LLC. Threats: 1 . Little evidence of market research conducted in Brazil, Canada, Mexico and Australia. 2. Competitive reaction of Pfizer could prohibit Lilly CICS LLC Clans† compete with the advertising â€Å"blitz† that Pfizer have exercised? Marketing strategy suggestion Price Since Scalia is going to face to face compete with Vicarage, we highly recommend it launch at the same price with Vicarage. It is easy for customer to accept a safer and longer-lasting DEED drug at the original price. Distribution Channels Management 1. Wholesalers: Lilly CICS LLC are in charge of manufacturing the drug, at which point they distribute he drug to wholesalers. Given the unattractiveness of the channel for wholesalers and the low margin that is obtained, a 5%increase may give Lilly CICS LLC more influence over the terms of the arrangement. This would also encourage the wholesaler to distribute more extensively and effortlessness more favorable terms such as buying back stock unsold. 2. Patients: Directly sell drugs to the patients who have DEED problem via doctors would be a very good way to reach target consumer. . Website: Sell drugs on Physician website or Patients and partner website. Promotion 1. Free sampling: Since Scalia is the direct competitor of Vicarage, send free sampling to Vicarage user would be a very good way to reach target consumer. 2. Advertisement in hospital Scalia is a safer and longer-lasting DEED medicine, patient in hospital can get more advice from doctors after they saw the advertisement. 3. Website advertisement Physician website or Patients and partner website would be a very good way to add exposure of the new product. How to cite Cialis, Papers Cialis Free Essays 1. Why was Viagra so successful? Viagra’s success was due to: * Viagra was the first orally taken drug that addressed ED. Other alternatives that had already existed in the market were: penile implants, vacuum pumps , ED injection and urethra suppository, none of them were really user friendly. We will write a custom essay sample on Cialis or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Viagra was the first affordable solution for ED, its retail price was $10/dose, whereas Caverject injection cost $25/dose, vacuum pumps $300 to $500, and the most expensive, penile implants ranged from $12,000 to $18,000. Pfizer employed advertising which reached out to all men. They featured celebrities in their ads, such as Bob Dole, Raphael Palmiero, Mark Martin. Seeing these celebrities publically confess to having ED, made men feel more comfortable in acknowledging their own ED issues and communicating it to their physicians. * Unlike injections, Viagra could be taken everyday. * Some people saw recreational usage to Viagra. * Viagra was approved by Medicaid in 11 states. * There was a huge market for ED drugs. In 1996 the number of ED prompted doctor visits was at the all time high of 1. 3 million visits. 2. Draw a perceptual map that summarizes the positioning strategies adopted by Viagra, Levitra and Cialis and evaluate those strategies. Viagra’s positioning strategy: Pfizer first started out by featuring older celebrities, like Bob Dole, trying to capture attention of their target market. Statistics showed that over 50% of Viagra’s customers were men over 50. Later, Pfizer changed its strategy and started featuring young celebrities, such as a baseball player, NASCAR driver. They wanted to show that even â€Å"manly mans† could have a problem and they also wanted to put out a message that Viagra is not only for older men but for men of all ages, who might even only have a slight problem. Basically, their message to men was â€Å"you’re not too young for Viagra†. I think this was the right move on Pfizer’s side since it expand their target market to men of all ages, at the same time maybe draw out men who didn’t feel comfortable with the subject. Levitra’s positioning strategy: Bayer and Glaxo positioned Levitra as a way of enhancing the sexual experience. It was not about the number of times a man could have sex, it was all about quality. They also wanted to educate the public about ED and about their solution to it. Their reps spent 50% more time talking to doctors about Levitra than Pfizer’s did about Viagra. This was a good positioning strategy for Bayer and Glaxo. With Levitra, coming to market after Viagra, they had to differentiate themselves somehow. And doing this from a quality angle, I believe they hit the right note with a lot of men. Cialis’ positioning strategy: Lilly Icos, after doing several years of research and seeing both, Viagra and Levitra’s performance in the market, decided to position Cialis as a stress-free, more spontaneous, fitting into an every-day lifestyle type of a solution to ED. Men didn’t have to feel stressed to perform because of the time constraints. They can live their normal lives, with Cialis kind of in the background. I believe it’s a really good strategy, given the characteristics of Cialis. People with ED want to put their problem out of their mind and not think about it. And Cialis would be the perfect solution – there’s no pressure to perform, they can have sex at their own convenience. No major changes would need to be made to their lives. 3. How can the product attributes of Cialis be translated into a successful positioning platform for the product’s launch? Cialis differentiated itself from the rest of the available ED treatments in the following ways: * Cialis took faster effect than Viagra and remained effective longer than Viagra (around 36 hours and the effect kicked in only when needed). This was a huge plus on Cialis’ side since it was so flexible. It had effect even after eating fatty foods. It could also be taken by patients who had high blood pressure, and it could be taken along with alpha blockers. The bottom line – it accommodated most everyone under most every circumstance. * Cialis had less physical side effects than its competitors, Viagra and Levitra. Outlined below are some of the different way s Lilly Icos could have positioned Cialis: * To men of any age and of any physical condition with any level of ED severity. * To men who love their routines and don’t want to change them. Emphasize on the fact that men’s partners don’t even have to know that they’re taking drugs for their condition. This might especially be important to men who start dating a new person; they might not want their partner to know about their condition, at least maybe not right away. * Can be taken before/after any type of activity: work, sports, romantic dinner out. * Can be taken by men of many different lifestyles (busy professionals, busy parents, retired, etc. ) * End benefit is that anyone with any sort of ED dysfunction can feel problem-free again! It works for any man, anywhere, anytime! How to cite Cialis, Papers

Complex Patient Plan of Care Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Complex Patient Plan of Care. Answer: Complex Patient Plan of Care Patient/Nursing Problem Patient Assessment Data Optimal Patient Outcome/Goal Pain related to bone fracture, soft tissue injury, muscle spasms, traction/immobility devices, anxiety and movement of bone fragments (Brown 2017). As evidenced by patient verbalizations of pain scale of 4/10, guarding, facial mask of pain, alteration in the tone of muscles and distractions. Patient should verbalize pain relief, rest and sleep appropriately. Patient should demonstrate relaxation techniques and diversional activities (Gordon, 2014). Risk for infection related to open and dirty wounds due to broken skin, damaged skin tissues, compromised blood circulation and invasive surgical procedure (Gordon, 2014). Open and dirty wounds on the skin that are filled with sand from the scene Exposed body tissues Compromised flow of blood to the foot due to the fracture Patient to remain free of infection as evidenced by vital signs which are within normal ranges. Patient demonstrates meticulous techniques of handwashing and preventing infection (Brown et al, 2017). Impaired physical mobility related to restrictive therapies such as limb immobilization, discomfort, pain and muscular skeletal impairment. As evidenced by reduced muscle control and strength, limited range of movements, imposed surgical restrictions and inability to purposely move within his physical environment. Patient regains and maintains mobility and demonstrates tactics of enabling resumption of normal activities. Patient maintains his position of functioning and shows increased strength and control of the compensatory and affected body parts. Impaired tissue/skin integrity related to compound fracture, altered level of circulation, puncture injuries, physical immobilization, surgical interventions and insertion of wires, pins and screws during traction (Brown et al, 2017). As evidenced by reports of pain by the patient, skin surface disruption, destruction of skin tissues and layers and invasion of structures into the body. Patient verbalizes relieved discomfort and demonstrates techniques and behaviors of preventing breakdown of skin to facilitate faster healing. Achievement of timely healing of lesions and wounds (Gordon, 2014). Risk for falls and trauma related to weakness, movement of fragments of bone and loss of the integrity of body skeleton due to fractures. Bone fractures and dislocations Displaced fragments of bones Limited movements due to the bone injuries Maintain alignment and stabilization of fractures. Display formation of callus and bone union as expected. Patient demonstrates body mechanics aimed at promoting fracture site stability (Gordon, 2014). Patient Background Mr.Ben Casey is a male patient aged 38 years. He was brought to the UTS Emergency Department this morning by an ambulance with injuries secondary to MVA. X-rays at ED showed Left femoral Fracture and Left tibia open-displaced fracture. Ben was then scheduled for an urgent surgery for reduction and fixation of the noted fractures. The surgery went for 3 hours and was uneventful. Estimated blood loss during the surgical procedure was 750mls and 750-1000mls during the scene. Bens major complaint was pain. He had been given 25mg of Intravenous Morphine but he reports that the pain is tolerable at a score of 4/10.The dressing on the left thigh is intact and dry with slight oozing. The Glasgow Coma Scale was 15/15. Based on the last observations done, there were no major variations and patient reported improved pain with a score of 7/10. Pain This was an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience for the patient which arose from bone fractures, skin and tissue damage following the scene. Assessment data for this problem was patient verbalization of pain at a score of 4/10, discomfort, distractions and alteration in the tone of muscles. This data was both subjective and objective. It was identified by a collaborative team of nurses and physicians. Based on this problem, the expected outcome was that patient should report relived pain, display relaxed manner, relaxation and ability to sleep and rest comfortably (Trentz, 2014). The A-G style of physical assessment was applied to obtain and organize data from the patient to plan for care. Regarding nursing interventions, all affected areas were maintained immobile using tractions, cast and bed rest was encouraged in order to relieve the level of pain and avoid displacement of the bones and extension of tissue/skin injury (Trentz , 2014).The injured extremity was supported and elevated to promote venous return, reduce pain and edema. Evaluation and documentation of reports on discomfort and pain was done noting the intensity at a scale of 0-10, aggravating and relieving factors. All the non-verbal cues of pain such as vital signs, behaviors and emotions were noted. All this was meant to evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing interventions implemented (Resick, 2014). Nurse encouraged Ben to discuss problems which were related to his injury in order to alleviate the level of anxiety as it relieved the experience of the accident. All procedures were fully explained to the patient and consented to allow him prepare him psychologically and enable him cope with the level of discomfort associated with the procedures (Resick, 2014). Emotional support was fully offered and the patient was encouraged on use of techniques of managing stress such as deep-breathing exercise and visualization imagery to refocus his attention and promote sense of control which enhance his abilities of coping with stress associated with the traumatic scene which led to the pain (Gandhi et al, 2012). When on pain, the patient was given stat doses of analgesics to relieve pain. Performance and supervision of exercises on active and passive Range of Movements was carried out to maintain mobility and strength of the unaffected muscle to enhance resolution of inflammation in injured body tissues. To evaluate on the outcome of the nursing intervention implemented, the patient was re-assessed. Patient reported reduced pain and he displayed relaxed manner. The patient could sleep and rest comfortably without any form of distractions. The two outcomes were achieved because patient verbalized relieved pain and demonstrated relaxed manner and could sleep comfortably (Gandhi et al, 2012). Risk of Infection Ben had risk of infection associated with inadequate primary defense which was caused by tissue/skin damage and broken skin integrity due to the traumatic scene that happened. This was also associated with the invasive procedures performed on him during the reduction and fixation of the fractures. On assessment, Ben had open wounds which were filled with dust from the scene, therefore this led to identification of the problem that he had an increased risk of contracting infections (Eiff, Hatch and Higgins, 2012). Based on Bens scenario, our goal was to ensure that he remained infection-free despite the increased risk. Nursing care also aimed at ensuring that Ben developed meticulous techniques of washing hands before and after everything he did. To achieve these outcomes, various nursing interventions were implemented. Teaching on maintenance of asepsis in wound care, change of dressings, peripheral IV and catheter management. Aseptic technique decreased the chances of spread and transmission of microorganisms to Mr.Ben during nursing care. Transmission of infection was effectively prevented since the chain of infection was interrupted (Gordon, 2014). All health care workers were enlightened on importance of washing their hands before and after contact with the patient especially when conducting a procedure that involved the exposed skin areas. Hand washing was done before and after gloving, touching the patient, dealing with an invasive device, coming into contact with body fluids of the patient and when moving from a contaminated to a sterile area (Perry et al, 2013). Running water and friction when washing hands was meant to effectively reduce transmission of pathogens from one procedure to another. Health care providers washed their hands with plenty of water and antiseptic soap for at least 10-15 seconds and an alcohol rub as an antiseptic to kill microorganisms which could lead to increased risk of infection to Mr.Ben (Gulanick and Myers, 2013). Patient was provided with diet-rich in proteins to support the responsiveness of the immune system. Adequate fluid intake of about 2000-3100mls of water every day was encouraged to promote formation of diluted urine and increase the frequency of bladder emptying and reduce the chance of urinary tract infection associated with irritation of urinary bladder by concentrated urine. The number of visitors was restricted to two people per patient to reduce the chances of transmission of pathogens (Morton et al, 2017). Visitors were fully enlightened on covering their nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing to help in reducing the risk of infection. Protective garments were used by health care providers when dressing wounds (Masters, 2013). Masks were used in protection of the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes and nose during procedures that involved direct contact with the patient that may generate fluids or splashes hence leading to infections to the patient. Additionally, patient was fully encouraged on importance of adhering to the prescribed medications (Hung et al, 2012). Generally, aseptic techniques were fully implemented. To evaluate the applicability of the nursing interventions, patient was assessed for sign of infections and all the vitals were within normal range (Neuman et al, 2014). Secondly, the patient, health care professionals and visitors demonstrated meticulous techniques of hand washing. Patient had no infections and he reported improvements of his complaints regarding his traumatic scenario (Masters, 2013). Conclusion Bens case was handled using multidisciplinary and multidimensional approach to ensure achievement of the set goals of nursing care. The priority nursing diagnoses for Bens care were impaired physical mobility, pain, risk for infection, impaired skin or tissue integrity and risk of falls. Nursing goals, interventions, implementation and evaluation of nursing care were all carried out based on the priority nursing diagnoses. Pain was managed using techniques such as psychological support, breathing exercises, ensuring minimal movements and medical management. To prevent the risk of infection to Ben, the health care professional were fully enlightened on aseptic techniques such as washing hands and use of protective garments when handling patients. The visitors and the patient himself were also educated on all measures of preventing infection spread from one place to another in the health care setting. References Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L. and Buckley, T., 2017.Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. Eiff, M.P., Hatch, R. and Higgins, M.K., 2012.Fracture management for primary care. Saunders/Elsevier. Gandhi, K., Baratta, J.L., Heitz, J.W., Schwenk, E.S., Vaghari, B. and Viscusi, E.R., 2012. Acute pain management in the postanesthesia care unit.Anesthesiology clinics,30(3), pp.e1-e15. Gordon, M., 2014.Manual of nursing diagnosis. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Gulanick, M. and Myers, J.L., 2013.Nursing Care Plans-E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hung, W.W., Egol, K.A., Zuckerman, J.D. and Siu, A.L., 2012. Hip fracture management: tailoring care for the older patient.Jama,307(20), pp.2185-2194. Masters, K., 2013. Nursing Practice.Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice, p.235. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach(p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Neuman, M.D., Silber, J.H., Magaziner, J.S., Passarella, M.A., Mehta, S. and Werner, R.M., 2014. Survival and functional outcomes after hip fracture among nursing home residents.JAMA internal medicine,174(8), pp.1273-1280. Perry, A.G., Potter, P.A. and Ostendorf, W., 2013.Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques8: Clinical Nursing Skills and Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences. Resick, P.A., 2014.Stress and trauma. Psychology Press. Trentz, O., 2014. Polytrauma: pathophysiology, priorities, and management. InGeneral Trauma Care and Related Aspects(pp. 69-76). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

An Examination of Social Control essays

An Examination of Social Control essays It is hard to discuss a subject and analyze that subject when it is an accepted fact that no definition can be agreed upon. The definition of social control or lack of definition is one of those subjects. Many papers have been written, many theories have been proposed and according to Robert Meier in his paper, Perspectives on the Concept of Social Control, no hard definition or theory has ever been agreed upon. The only thing to be done is to read the papers, listen to the theories, use personal experiences, and try to establish a personal idea of the concept of social control. Some definitions have been established. There are four levels of social control: Macro politics level, historical and cultural level, organizational level, and micro politics level. The Macro level is the political, legal and economic aspect of social control. The Macro level has to do with the legislative arm of society, which passes the laws by which we as a society must live. It is an impersonal level of social control. The politicians pass the laws and all of society must live by those laws or be held responsible by the enforcement officials, at which point, the legal system comes into the picture and attorneys get involved. It takes money to hire a lawyer and those without the financial means are left behind. Theres never any really interaction with the average Joe or regular people in the Macro Political level. Everything is pretty much left up to the powers that be at the top of the political ladder and the law enforcement officers and the lawyers. At the Macro level public harassment and the psy-complex are affected due to laws passed over the years and the governmental body getting involved. Women are no longer at the mercy of patriarchal culture. But it should also be noted that the laws passed to protect against such social transgressions are not gender specific. Control is beginning to have blurred lines. Men, as...

Robert Herrick essays

Robert Herrick essays Sometimes authors were so famous that we know almost too much about them. Nobody can ever not find enough information writers like Shakespeare and Chaucer. Then there are others that there is almost nothing about them. However, historians have managed to find a happy medium for Robert Herrick, author of To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, to write a biography long enough to satisfy anyone, or at least long enough to fill two pages. Robert Herrick was born in London on August 24, 1591 to a goldsmith named Nicholas. Soon after Nicholas death, Herrick was apprenticed to his uncle, William Herrick, who was a jeweler. In 1614, when he decided to leave his apprenticeship, Robert Herrick journeyed to Cambridge University to study and became a Bachelor of Arts in 1617. In 1620, Herrick became a Master of Arts at St. Johns, Cambridge University. While at Cambridge, Robert Herrick became the eldest member of the poets group Sons of Ben. Sons of Ben was a group that studied and idolized Ben Johnson, a poet and playwright born in the late 15th Century. Herrick is regarded by many as someone who revived the spirit of the ancient classic lyric. After receiving his M.A. from Cambridge, Robert Herrick devoted his life to his religious beliefs. On April 24, 1623 he was ordained an Episcopal minister and acted as the chaplain in Buckingham. Although he was now married to God, Herrick never stopped writing. In fact, his best works were written during this time period. After returning from a military expedition with the Duke of Buckingham, Robert Herrick was presented with the living of Dean Prior in 1929. It was in Devon where he lived in seclusion which gave him a lot of time to write. In 1947, he was expelled from his post as Vicar of Dean Prior by the Cromwellians until the Restoration in 1660. After years of writing, Herrick published his firs...

Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Malaria - Essay Example Anopheles plays a pivotal role in the development of Plasmodium. The growth of the microbe from the gametocytic stage to the sporozoite stage takes place inside the body of the female Anopheles. The body of the mosquito provides ambient temperature and humidity to the developing microbe and the female survives long enough to allow the parasite complete its lifecycle in the mosquito body. Anopheles breed on water and each species has its own preference when it comes to selection of breeding place for example some like puddles, shallow water, fresh water or even hoof prints. b. Apicomplexa protozoa: Plasmodium Apicomplexans are also known as sporozoans. All apicomplexans are obligatory and intracellular microbes i.e. they need to spend at least some part of their life cycle within an animal host. Important characteristics of apicomplexans include the presence of tiny organ like structures which are present at the very tips of the cells. These tiny organ-like structures contain enzymes which helps the microbe penetrate into the host tissue. One of the most well known and pathogenic genera of apicomplexans includes Plasmodium- which causes malaria. Plasmodium’s lifecycle is spent in two stages- in the body of mosquitoes and that of humans. It ultimately affects humans and causes rupture in the blood vessels. There are more than 100 Plasmodium species which can infects living organisms however only 4 of these species cause infection in humans- Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. The lifecycles of the four species affecting humans are similar. Lifecycle: The lifecycle begins when a female Anopheles carrying malaria parasite sucks... The paper talks about the cause of Malaria, lifecycle, diagnosis and treatment, development of a vaccine, advanced prophylaxis. According to the paper it is needless to say that malaria has been a curse on human health. However, the recent advances in development of vaccination are quite promising. Efforts need to be made to spread awareness about diagnosis and treatment to people who may not have access to them especially in the poor tropical countries. Future research should aim at not only developing vaccines but also developing better chemoprophylaxis agents. Worldwide the Anopheles mosquito is known as malaria mosquito because it is considered to be the primary vector for malaria. The anopheles mosquito is found worldwide except for in Antarctica. The disease is transmitted by the female anopheles. As the report says since malaria is worldwide public health problem, researchers have been trying to develop vaccines against the disease to lend protection against the parasites. The development of a vaccine would mean lower mortality, morbidity and economic costs involved with the treatment of the disease, awareness programs etc. the aim of the researchers are to wipe the disease from the earth. It was first in 1960, that it was thought that the development of a vaccine for malaria was feasible. It was seen that IrSp (irradiated sporozoites) rendered rodents immunized. Next the IrSp vaccine was tested on human volunteers with anopheles bite and it was seen that the vaccine was highly species specific. The multifactorial protection given by the vaccine involves direction of neutralized antibodies against circumsporozite and it is this idea that is today being researched upon to develop a better and much effective vaccine.

Ethics and Stakeholder Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics and Stakeholder Management - Essay Example The concept of ethics is very important during the contemporary period in the operations of any given organisation. Socially responsible businesses ought to create a balance between the protection of the interests of the consumers as well as their objectives of making profits. However, the issue of ethics is somehow controversial in that there may be conflicts whereby people may disagree over a certain issue with regards to the right course of action that can be taken. There are mixed feelings over one issue whereby others see nothing wrong about it while others view it as wrong which presents an ethical dilemma to the organisation. As such, an ethical dilemma arises when there is an unresolved interpretation of an ethical issue (Arens, 1996). This is a situation when people have different perceptions over a particular issue. In this particular case, a computer manufacturer decides not to market a new chip that would enable computers to be upgraded. This entails that there is no need for a new computer and this reduces electronic waste. However, this will lead to a reduction in the sales of the computers which means a definite reduction in revenues in the short term. On the other hand, the long-term pay-off is uncertain and this has presented an ethical dilemma to the organisation. In this case, the organisation is finding it difficult to market the new chip though it will benefit the majority of the people at the expense of their need to protect the business interests of the company such as its profitability. In view of this given scenario, it can be noted that to a certain extent, there is no universal agreement of what constitutes good things from bad. Certain incidences sometime arise where people often view the same thing from different perspectives (Hiti, 1999). However, in as far as business is concerned, it can be noted that the main objective is to attain profit goals whereby ethics are at times compromised for financial gains. Theoretically, there are different ethical theories that can be applied to this case but the most ideal is utilitarian ethical theory. According to this theory, â€Å"the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the majority of people is ethically,† (Rainbow, 2002). As such, this ethical theory posits to the effect that organisations should encourage the people to work towards the outcomes that will benefit the majority of the people that are affected by the operations of a given organisation. It has to be borne in mind that businesses are concerned with serving their own interests as well as the interests of the stakeholders which should not be compromised for financial gains alone. The right course of action will be to follow the guidelines that will yield benefits to the majority of people not only the concerns of the company alone. The utilitarian theory suggests that the organisation ought to be guided by values as well as principles that will incline it to act in a certain way which makes it different from the other organisations.  

Same-Sex Sexuality, Biology and Social Responses Essay

Same-Sex Sexuality, Biology and Social Responses - Essay Example This paper explores the existence of homosexuality and how sexuality and biology are related. The paper reviews the scientific discoveries that have been made on the occurrence of homosexuality in a person’s genes. The paper also discusses the negative responses of the society towards homosexuality and their effects on gay and lesbian people. Darwin denied the existence of same-sex behavior amongst humans. Arguing on scientific grounds, he observed that the reason for copulation is that transfer of sperms takes place and an offspring is produced. If the nature follows such rules for mating, then it is not possible for homosexuality to exist since copulation between the same-sex cannot produce offspring (Roughgarden, 2004, p.127). Opponents of the existence of homosexuality adhere to the point of view that homosexuality is a result of some error or a deceitful trick. Until 1973, homosexuality was regarded as a sexual disorder and was a part of DSM (Kring, Johnson, Davison & Neale, 2009). However, homosexuality was removed as an official mental disorder due to the pressure from the gay community and psychiatrists (Rosario, 2002, p. 1). Proponents of the topic argue that copulation and reproduction are two different concepts (Roughgarden, 2004, p.127). Research has shown that copulation is not only needed for the purpose of breeding, but it also essential for the satisfaction of the sexual needs of the people and to deal with their relationships. This has been proved by studying the sexual needs of both men and women. Women prefer the fostering of a close relationship with a man before having intercourse with him (EastWest Institute, 2010).

Toyota Business Strategy In Global Environment Marketing Essay

Toyota Business Strategy In Global Environment Marketing Essay There have been two reasons of arbitrariness at work to evolve Toyota from its very humble beginning to a world renowned car maker. Firstly, the oil crisis of mid 1970s became an exogenous jolt that increased the demand for smaller and fuel-efficient vehicles in the U.S. Toyota was a making these cars and the U.S buyers who would never have bought Toyota cars , were stirred to make the purchase for the first time. Many of them got pleasantly surprised by the value offered by Toyota and became long term customers as oil prices soared. The oil crisis, in a sense, proved a welcome break and a critical incident to get entrance to the main-stream of the automobile market in U.S. The Toyota Production System can be called a paradox as on one side, all activities, production flows and connections in a Toyota plant are inflexibly scripted. Yet, its operations are extremely flexible and quite responsive to consumer demands, at the same time. It is considered that the very inflexibility of the operations which makes flexibilities reality. It is because of the operations can be regarded as constant series of controlled experiments. Upon defining any specification, it is actually making a hypothesis which can then be examined in action. This scientific method way is not forced on its workforce rather ingrained in them. It inspires them to indulge in the type of tested and experiments that are generally accepted as the basis of a learning organisation. The Toyota Production System evolved from the day to day working of the company over a long period and has actually never been written down as a manual. Toyota builds up all its working operations as experiments and i ngrains the scientific method to its workforce. The first step establishes how workers do their job. The second is how they interact with each other. The third is about the construction of the production lines. Lastly, how workers can learn to improve. Every production path, link, and action planned on these steps should have built-in tests which can indicate problems straight away. And this apparently inflexible system is made so flexible and adaptive to its ever changing environment through the repeated responses to those in built tests. This made it well positioned in the mist of 1970s oil crisis. Toyota coming from the Japan where size and fuel economy were big issues then in the U. S. But after the Oil crisis, Toyota just had want the U.S consumers were looking for in a dramatically changed environment. According to Louis Pasture, Fortune favours the prepared mind, and this small piece of fortune could have proved useless had Toyota made poorer cars. But instead, U.S consumers straight away realized its quality which was a reflection of its tradition and strategy of production excellence, of reduction in costs and defects and improvement in the quality. The use of thorough standardization to achieve a strategic flexibility is an apparent paradox at the centre of Toyotas excellent quality and efficiency through making a lot more predictable quality and timing outcomes than possible otherwise. Common architecture, standardization of the processes and reusability are the concepts and tools included in this kind of principle. Taking waste out of the product development process is absolute critical. Actually, standardization of skills, processes and designs enable for the customization of specific programme, broader individual responsibility and a JIT HR strategy, more elastic capacities for product development and quite a few other benefits. The ministry of international trade and industry (MITI) encouraged Japanese firm to enter to automobile industry despite establish competitors from the West by imposing high tariffs discouraging import and prohibiting foreign ownership. Post-war conditions put Japan into a country lacking significant capital, so that Japan had to rely mostly on producing its own technology. Toyota family vehicles are preferred and popular. Toyota needs to develop new technology to enhance their diesel engines, to make less pollution which will impact the low CO2 emission in environment, and which will be socially benefit for the world. Toyota needs consistent policies, regulations and incentives to accelerate technology and acceptance of technology. Toyota overall technology is good but its electric cars have an issue of less battery time etc. In Toyota the process of decision making is mostly done by the top level management according to the facts and findings of the research departments. Toyota got very strict organisational structure in order to achieve their high goals in international market. Firstly Taiichi Ohno was the guy who basically designed their management style and gave the Toyotas most famous concept of Toyota production system or lean manufacturing system. According to Ohno work means the production of the perfect goods only, because he thinks that if a machine is not producing the perfect goods then it is not in good working condition or maybe not working. This concept tells us that Toyota is very quality conscious. But actually now Toyota is being questioned about the quality after millions of recalls and hundreds of accidents in last four months to Toyota drivers. But actually in Toyota when the decision making is done then the workers are really pushed hard by the managers to achieve the targets. And thats why currently Toyota is facing problem with Brake override system and they had to recall millions of cars, because software problem related to brake and acceleration system and in some models gas pedal sticks with the floor pad. All competitors of Toyota are already using this brake override Technology but Toyota was slow to understand this technology but now they are saying that in future this system will be available in all Toyota upcoming cars. But honestly speaking in U.S Toyotas reputation has been reduced tremendously after some accidents due to their mistakes. And now currently at first place Toyota should do something to get the customer confidence back to prosper in future market. http://www.mainstreet.com/article/smart-spending/autos/what-toyota-should-have-done-brake-override?page=1 http://www.egmcartech.com/2010/02/26/inaba-toyota-shouldve-done-a-better-job-sharing-information-with-lawmakers/ Toyota needs to improve the knowledge management system because only then they can learn from their past mistakes and their solutions and by doing so they can make a strategy to avoid those mistakes in future. Toyota should be quick to spot new technologies those are highly recommended by different markets for the safety of the road users. Try to design products for different regions according to the needs of local people where the final product will be used. As company want to be more globalised then we should try to build a database in which everything is available for each and every individual who is working in Toyota anywhere in the world. There should be a system through which company can communicate more effectively to decrease the safety defect issues in products around the globe. Always try to consider local knowledge about the industry before designing any type of vehicle for local people and presenting or marketing it around the globe. Try to do more than competitors in every market to please the consumer, because this will contribute to brand loyalty and then people will have more confidence to buy a Toyota product. As Toyota want to compete in the international market in more countries then marketing strategy for each country or region should be different and according to the local way of thinking. Toyota should try to localise production and supply base to avoid expenses like storage and transportation. And it also enables them work more quickly and efficiently in most of the times. Find workers which are needed for the job and develop them according to the needs of the company to achieve high and efficient productivity. Toyota should always keep a look on all types of suppliers and their product quality because its directly related with the Toyotas product quality. As product designs and technologies are changing day by day thats why Toyota should not indulge itself to long term contracts with suppliers. Train and encourage innovative people working within the company to create something new and exciting for international markets according to the demand of public and international standards. There should be no compromise on the user safety of the product in any kind of circumstances. For the purpose of more globalization of Toyota supply chain management should be improved to oblige the commitments in international market. Dealers working with Toyota motors should be trained in such a way that customer service and support should be their main priority. The decisions that are concerned with the environment in which the firm operates, the entire resources, owner of company and the interface between the two are known as strategic decision. Here are some of the characteristic of strategic decision Strategic decisions play an important role for an organisation. These decisions may be related to the new resources, organising others or reallocating others. Strategic decision deal with the threats and opportunities with harmonizing organizational resource capabilities. Strategic decisions are long term decision. Strategic decisions are what is our future panning and these decisions are made very carefully. Strategic decisions are always arranged according to the organisation mission and vision. These decisions are related to the overall planning of the organisation. These decisions deal with the organisation growth that how we have to do planning for the successful future of the organisation. Strategic are always at the top most level, as these deal with the future so these decision are always uncertain and involve lot of risk. Strategic decisions are complex in nature. Figure 1 Strategic decisions are always designed to help the senior management to improve the quality of their decisions. The whole process of strategic decision gives all the participants a good grasp of modern concept of strategic analysis. However all the decision are made by the managers and the people at the senior level but strategic decision will help the managers that how to deal with the process of decision making. Cost leadership mean to gain the competitive advantage over the rivals in market. In order to gain the competitive advantage firms always try to recruit cheap labour and produce the goods at low cost. Firms try to sell their products at average price to gain higher profits than its rivals or they sell their products below the average industry price to the higher market share. However it does not mean that low cost always lead to low price of the product. If you are the only producer of the product in the market then you can produce the product at the low price and can sell the product at your desired price. Some of the organisations are very good in that strategy, such as Toyota, they are not producing high quality autos at low price level, but they have their brand name and use high quality marketing skills to maintain a premium price policy. (www.marketingteacher.com). (www.coursework4you.co.uk) Figure 1 Micheal poters generic model (1985) Just in time: Just in time mean what is needed, when its needed and the quantity needed. In order to produce a large number of products such as automobile, which consist of almost 30,000 parts, it is very important to create a detailed production plan, for example. If we work on the production plan we can eliminate so many factors like waste, inconsistencies in production and work, and unreasonable requirement and this all can lead to an improved productivity of product. Toyota use pull approach for the production like kanban card paced pull strategy to minimize the inventory level. In the pull strategy customer demands the product and pull it out from the delivery channel. This is because when the demand and the production of the product in very high and it is used to decrease the lead time. Differentiating your product what is also call a pull strategy in these days is basically a genuine pull strategy. And all thye marketing approach is diverted to this pull strategy. The just in time pioneer Toyota using pull strategy which manages there inventory level in the cost effective away and stringent possible way that does not mean that the product is made and pushed to the customer but it is produced in response to the customer. This strategy is becoming common now a days and every firm tries to follows this strategy. Toyota is using a cacr electronic to increase the communication between people, society and automobile. To achieve their goal they have dividing ITS in to five basic areas to work on. So by the managing and coordinating the relation between them the plan is main tain the high growth and development which is called as total Mobility Company. The first car that has the more complex and sophisticated function which include onboard computers and sensor which control the car function and second they are providing the multimedia for their vehicles which represent the new field for the mobile communication. Conceptual diagram of the Kanban System Two kinds of kanban (the production instruction kanban and the parts retrieval kanban) are used for managing parts. (www2.toyota.co.jp) http://www.managementstudyguide.com/strategic-decisions.htm http://tools.ashridge.org.uk/website/content.nsf/FileLibrary/4C8918B0EA4CDB988025718E00558E14/$file/STDC.pdf http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/vision/production_system/just.html Inside the mind of Toyota: management principles for enduring growth   By Satoshi Hino ..page number 327 edition 2006 Information technology strategies: how leading firms use IT to gain an advantage   By William V. Rapp..page number 149..152edition 2002 http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_generic_strategies.htm http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/generic.shtml http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/porter-generic-strategies.php As we know that Toyota is the leading automobile company but to gain the competitive advantage on its rivals in automobile industry is not so easy. There are many competitive challenges which Toyota is facing in the global market environment. Basically competitive challenges are a research offering design to help asset management, to improve the productivity and effectiveness of a business and to maintain the standard performance against competitors. Competitive challenges are confront in annual competitive challenges report on the competitive dynamics of the industry. Competitive challenges identify the inefficiencies in an organisation. It also examine the; profitability, productivity, asset growth, and product competitiveness, customer satisfaction and marketing. Senior managers are enabling to plan business strategic objectives by highlighting the areas of success and failure compared to peers. It allows you to clearly identify sales resource efficiency. http://www.greenwich.com/WMA/products_services/comp_chal/comp_chal_home visited 29/03/10 at 21.20 Toyota is great example of what happens when your competitors build a strategic advantage by setting a high standard in a critical area. For more than two decades Toyota and Honda have been the quality leaders in attracting car buyers who wants better reliability and quality in their vehicles. In Dec-2009, the economists described the problem of quality issues which Toyota is facing and how it is trying to deal with them. Akio Toyoda the president of company recognises that there is need for an innovative design to beat competitors. That may be challenge. Toyotas success has been built on its reliability and standard of quality. http://www.baldrige.com/sector/business/toyotas-strategic-challenge/ To maintain quality standards and building an innovative design is not an easy task. Toyota never compromise on quality but still having problems due to its massive production. Consequently, to establish in the global market the three main technologies, TPS (Toyota production system, TDS (Toyota development system), TMS (Toyota marketing system) should be established and strengthened. http://williamghunter.net/images/toyota_management_structure.png Management structure at Toyota In global market a firm face number of challenges these challenges the effect the competitive and determines how the firm can achieve economies of scale in multi countries environment. In striving to develop a strategy that will make it more competitive, the firm must deal with four interrelated challenges of global marketing strategy. To bring the change and be innovative is very big challenge for every firm and for Toyota as well. Rapid change pervades product development, production processes and it also builds the competitive pressure as customers more mobile and is exposed new ideas through new global media. Introducing a new model every year has become compulsory which incurs high cost and also keeps in consideration the taste, culture and infrastructure of the area. Rapid change has both positive and negative aspects. To bring a positive change you have to be very care full about the utilization of resources effectively. For instance, we know very well that Toyota launched its new model Prius and the car has a manufacture fault. It was a good change but lake of quality management and now faced a huge loss and company recalled for its 8.5 million cars because of its accelerator and floor mat problem. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8505402.stm http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=four+challenges+of+global+marketmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai= Another challenge which most of the companies face is complexity of managing international operations. Technological advances enable management to control operations on a broader geographic scale but at the same time these advances add complexity, as management has to analyse tools and skills to handle the international infrastructure. As we know Toyota is already facing a quality problem because of its massive production. As we know Toyota mostly designed its all product in Japan according to the local environment and launches the same product in the international market. It increases the complexity of product. Yet it is difficult for the organization which elevates quantity its main goal instead to focus on providing the highest quality. Toyota is putting more pressure on their supplier to increase their production without listening to their possible effects on quality. This is because of in experience Toyota managers and rapid expansion. The level of complexity increase when Toyot a introduced a hybrid vehicle, the Prius with its two power sources which requires greater engineering expertise. http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/02/toyota_the_downside_of_hyper_g.html Increasing competition in global market brings another challenge to Toyota at all stages of involvement in international market. In countries such as India, China, Malaysia the threat of competition is more because, their own domestic market is opening up to foreign competition, increasing more awareness of international market opportunities. Competition can be on different basis like delivering superior quality to consumers. However Toyotas success on global market depends on knowledge accumulation and effective use of resources. Introduction of hybrid car by Toyota is one of great example of building a competitive advantage and capturing the global market. http://www.hoovers.com/company/Toyota_Motor_Corporation/crxxsi-1.html http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=four+challenges+of+global+marketmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai= This challenge relates to the firms social responsibilities in the global market place. Environmental issues for example, to limit pollution of the atmosphere through the emission of gases and other toxic substances is one of the challenges Toyota is facing. To produce and design which are environmentally friendly is very challenging. Rapid change, higher competition and increased complexity in the global market make it more difficult. To become environment friendly Toyota has come a long way since they launch their first hybrid car ten years ago. http://www.design21sdn.com/organizations/196/posts/997 These are some problems which is Toyota facing from last few years. The problems started in 1998 with Toyotas luxury car Lexus and now Toyota again in trouble with its newly launched Prius hybrid car. After becoming the giant of automobile Toyota looks bit careless. But when we talk to Toyotas representatives then we found that the reality is different. After the recent scenario people have started thinking about Toyota. In the light of Toyotas recent quality failure we can easily say that Toyota is only focusing on massive production. We can say if Toyota start focusing on some current issues which company facing now then Toyota can gain its lost repute easily. References Inside the mind of Toyota: management principles for enduring growth   By Satoshi Hino ..page number 327 edition 2006 Information technology strategies: how leading firms use IT to gain an advantage   By William V. Rapp..page number 149..152edition 2002 http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/companies/toyota.php http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/02/can_toyota_hansei_its_way_out.html http://www.mainstreet.com/article/smart-spending/autos/what-toyota-should-have-done-brake-override?page=1 http://www.egmcartech.com/2010/02/26/inaba-toyota-shouldve-done-a-better-job-sharing-information-with-lawmakers/ http://www.managementstudyguide.com/strategic-decisions.htm http://tools.ashridge.org.uk/website/content.nsf/FileLibrary/4C8918B0EA4CDB988025718E00558E14/$file/STDC.pdf http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/vision/production_system/just.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_generic_strategies.htm http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/generic.shtml http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/porter-generic-strategies.php http://www.greenwich.com/WMA/products_services/comp_chal/comp_chal_home visited 29/03/10 at 21.20 http://www.baldrige.com/sector/business/toyotas-strategic-challenge/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8505402.stm http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=four+challenges+of+global+marketmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai= http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/02/toyota_the_downside_of_hyper_g.html http://www.hoovers.com/company/Toyota_Motor_Corporation/crxxsi-1.html http://www.design21sdn.com/organizations/196/posts/997 http://www.fastlane.com.au/News_Toyota/vision_2010.htm http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100210132838AAHTQJm http://www.fastlane.com.au/News_Toyota/vision_2010.htm http://www.mainstreet.com/article/smart-spending/autos/what-toyota-should-have-done-brake-override?page=1 http://www.egmcartech.com/2010/02/26/inaba-toyota-shouldve-done-a-better-job-sharing-information-with-lawmakers/ www.marketingteacher.com www.coursework4you.co.uk http://www.managementstudyguide.com/strategic-decisions.htm http://tools.ashridge.org.uk/website/content.nsf/FileLibrary/4C8918B0EA4CDB988025718E00558E14/$file/STDC.pdf http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/vision/production_system/just.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_generic_strategies.htm http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/generic.shtml http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/porter-generic-strategies.php http://www.greenwich.com/WMA/products_services/comp_chal/comp_chal_home visited 29/03/10 at 21.20 http://www.baldrige.com/sector/business/toyotas-strategic-challenge/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8505402.stm http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=four+challenges+of+global+marketmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai= http://www.design21sdn.com/organizations/196/posts/997

Why Cant We All Just Get Along? :: essays research papers fc

Why Can’t We All Just Get Along?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concern of weapons of mass destruction is perhaps one of the largest growing issues in the world today. These weapons are a threat to everyone; actually, they are a threat to the existence of the world, and it is for this simple reason, why there is concern regarding this topic all over the globe. â€Å" [The threat of weapons of mass destruction is] A Damocles sword poised on the neck of the human race, the magnitude of the threat they pose cannot be overstated† (Sid-Ahmed, 1). It is for this reason efforts are being made to ban the use of and/or destroy weapons of mass destruction all over the world. The question is, will the prohibition and destruction of weapons benefit the world or will it put us at a disadvantage?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If all nuclear weapons in the world were destroyed, the world would certainly benefit because the threat would be eliminated. America is making efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons all over the world. They have decided it is a good idea to go into other countries and â€Å"peacefully† force them to stop production of and destroy their nuclear weapons. The New York Times states, â€Å"Iraq has to get rid of its biological and chemical arms and missiles and the means to make them, and abandon its efforts to develop nuclear weapons† (NYT, 1). This of course sounds like a splendid idea because the less nuclear weapons we have, the less chance people have to use them, but then the United States goes on to give Iraq an ultimatum. â€Å"That [the destruction of the nuclear weapons] can be accomplished in one of two ways. Iraq can make a full declaration of its weapons arsenal this weekend, and then work with the UN to destroy the arms. If it doesn’t , the United States is likely to use military forces to disarm Iraq† (NYT, 1). While the intentions of the United States are noble enough, they are not going about getting results in the most intelligent manner because by â€Å"threatening† Iraq they seem as if their motives are not quite what they seem. It is almost a hypocritical concept because the United States says that they want to eliminate violence, but they are going about it by threatening other countries. The Tehran Times of Iran shows us how they view what the United States is trying to do.

Human Resources and Industrial Relations in the Public Sector Essay

INTRODUCTION Industrial relations is concerned with the relationship between management and workers and the role of the regulatory mechanism in resolving any industrial dispute. It covers areas such as collective bargaining, trade unions and the government. Human resource management (HRM), which has a soft approach (people friendly) and a hard approach (people as a resource to be used as seen fit by the organization), could be summarized as a strategic approach to managing employees. The role of industrial relations has been diminished to some extent in Trinidad and Tobago with the implementation of human resource management practices and policies. However some of the aspects of the traditional public sector model and the environment it was planted in has survived till now, which affects the implementation and success of new public management. LITERATURE REVIEW â€Å"Comparative Industrial Relations: An Introduction to Cross National Perspectives† by Bean 1994 states, Dunlops prescription of the advancement of knowledge in IR is the need to break away from the restrictive and myopic confines of problem solving, institutional studies with individual countries- what has been termed ‘ethno-centric’ bias- in favor of border comparisons over the course of time and across countries. He postulated that the systems theory was applicable to study comparative industrial relations. Haworth 1991 however states that the systems theory fails to explain how the pattern of industrial relations has developed in Third World countries. The industrial relations system responds to social political and economic change  whereby actors (mainly management) usually have a number of responses they can make, therefore there is the existence of discretion in decision making which will in turn affect industrial relations. Kochan et al 1984. Zeitlin 1987 states, industrial relations can best be explained not by the social and economic structure but by historical divergences in institutional development resulting from the strategies and organizations of the state, trade unions and employers. This book basically deals with comparative industrial relations where research is done on similar phenomena taking place in different countries. Poole 1986 highlights four principles for this research to be done, 1. Focus on environmental influences coming from the societal processes and structures. 2. Multi-disciplinary perspectives incorporating social, political and economic aspects. 3. Explanatory variables as opposed to descriptive categories. 4. Utilizing the historical as well as contemporary dimension. Trade unions are institutional representatives of worker interests within the labour market and the society. It is collective rather than individual â€Å"concerted behavior is the essence of modern trade uni onism†, (Ulman 1990) He also spoke of the ‘individualizing’ of industrial relations into human resource management. Industrial Relations and Globalization: Challenges for Employers and their Organizations†, a document prepared by David Macdonald (1997) states that during the period of the 1990’s there were new demands of international competition and dramatic advances in technology. Globalization had also changed the nature and operation of the ‘market place’ and production in many countries across the world. Considerable demands were placed on employers and enterprises thus new structures, processes and strategies were required to be implemented. Within the enterprise, industrial Relations (IR) plays a very strategic role and many changes much be made to the traditional practices and human resource Management (HRM). This new approach attempts to improve flexibility and skills of the workforce which would seek to improve various aspects within the workplace such as trust and communication between managers and workers etc. David’s paper focuses on industrial relations trends and developments in Asia and the Pacific with special attention paid to the challenges organizations and employers are to be faced with. The paper also observes the changing nature of industrial relations and its development as influenced by the forces of globalization, liberalization as  well as the historical and current factors which influence the relations in the region. He defines industrial relations as the means by which various interests in the labour market are accommodated, primarily for the purpose of regulating employment relationships. Industrial relations are therefore concerned with relationships within the workplace and in the organization at all levels. These relationships are expressed through collective bargaining, involvement of workers in decision making etc. Traditionally, industrial relations was to achieve collective outcomes at a national and/or sector/industry levels which are then applied to each enterprise. Human Resource Management is different as it focuses directly at the level of the enterprise seeking to align interests of workers both individually and in groups, managers for the purpose of corporate objectives, seeking to accomplish a competitive advantage in the marketplace. In the book ‘Understanding Work and Employment: Industrial relations in Transition’ looked at the contribution and challenges of human resource management to industrial relations. Due to ‘high commitment management’, human resource management (HRM) is seen to be replacing trade unions. Traditionally, personnel was seen as a subset of IR but in the 1980’s, employee relations evolved to IR being a part of HRM. Eight main issues of HRM to IR were identified as being a change of focus from a sociology perspective to a psychology perspective, a move from pluralism to unitarism, a stress on management as the main actors in the industrial relations system, an emphasis on business strategy and ‘fit’ between policies, the application of the resource based view of the firm to employee relations, the influence of high commitment management and the challenge of the psychological contract view to the understanding of employment contract. Industrial relations had its share of hardship as it journeyed to succession. Historians and novelists acknowledged the drastic changed made in the British society which came about during the industrial revolution. Karl Polanyi described the excruciating changes which took place as feudal societies transformed to an industrialized state. He identified that â€Å"the effects on the lives of people were awful beyond description† (Polanyi 1957, 76). Also stated was: In disposing of a man’s labor power the system would, incidentally, dispose of the physical, psychological, and moral entity â€Å"man† attached to the tag. Robbed of the protective covering of cultural institutions, human beings would perish from the effects of social exposure; they would die as the victims of acute social dislocation through vice, perversion, crime and starvation†¦. No society could stand the effects of such a system of crude fictions even for the shortest stretch of time unless human and natural substances, as well as its business organization, were protected against the ravages of this satanic mill. (Polanyi 1957, 73). Polanyi stated that the negativity that the industrial revolution faces was not much of poor conditions under which individuals live or worked but rather the displacements faced by employees whom are no longer under the protection of cultural institutions. Employment relations and the social sciences by Hills revealed that there is a link between industrial relations and the discipline of social sciences. Steven M. Hills also extended the search of systems analysis by Dunlop where he established a structure to put in order the variety of concepts, of which many never was fully known, which comprise the study of industrial relations. Hills, in his explanation for choosing the employment relationship rather than labor union as his reference point, are because his attention was focused on the controls that govern employer-employee relationships. Understanding these controls is an important aspect in order to express appreciation toward the underlying forces of industrial relations systems according to Hills. He also shows the closeness these controls impose by the government, labor unions and social classes. In Hills analysis, he showed the difficulties faced in all employment relationships, whether they are well-thought-out as pre-industrial, industrial or alleged â€Å"post-industrial† citizens where unions are strong, weak or nonexistent. TRADITIONAL IR SYSTEM INCLUDING DISCUSSION OF THE TRADITIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR MODEL Industrial relations produces and organizes knowledge, it is unique and has its own theories, concepts, techniques, practices and ideological commitments. Industrial relations was born in the United Stated in the 1910’s. It was a reaction to the waste, human suffering, the social injustice as well as the employer- power in the nineteenth and early  twentieth century capitalism. It also arose because it was viewed that relations between bosses and workers could be improved. Industrial relations in terms of academia is the study of labor problems but gave priority to specific areas like a strategy or institution for solving problems for example the trade unions or collective bargaining. The early version of industrial relations emphasized inherent conflict of interest which exist between the employer and employee, that there is superior bargaining power of the employer and the autocratic nature of workplace governance in the traditional firm. With the globalization of industrial relations there was the spread of industrialism, market economics, trade union movements, protection of human rights and political democracy. There was a decline in industrial relations because of the decrease in trade union density, major forma of labour unrest, political power in many countries, the rise in human resource management, the rise in neo-liberalism, national and world politics etc. Industrial relations is centered around fostering stability, efficiency cooperation, peace and positivity. In the 1960’s there began to be a slow decline in industrial relations. There was a narrowing of the intellectual domain and the field was becoming marginalized. Numerous universities in the 1990’s dropped the term ‘Industrial Relations’ and adopted ‘employment relations’ or ‘human resources’. Over the years industrial relations had made attempts to establish itself as a self- contained academic dis cipline but continued to fail (Kaufman 2004). There was the shrinking role of collective bargaining as well. The traditional industrial relations model is concerned with a particular set of phenomena associated with regulating the human activity of employment. It focuses on the implementation of rules within the work place and factors outside of the work place which influences the process. It is concerned with collective bargaining, trade unions, employers, managers and payments. John Dunlop originated the systems approach to industrial relations which is basically an integrative model which seeks to provide tools of analysis to interpret and gain an understanding and how and why particular rules are established in particular Industrial Relations systems and how and why they change in response to changes which affect the system. John Dunlop (1991) applied the systems theory which embodies a set of actors, rules, context and ideology. Flanders (1979) and the Oxford Approach defined industrial relations as the  study of institutions of job regulation. Flanders states that the institution and job regulation can be categorized into the internal and external factors; he insists that collective bargaining is central to the industrial relations system. Flanders agreed with Dunlop (1958) that rules are also essential but continued that rules are only a generic description which can be given to these various instruments of regulation. Heyman (1957) a critic of industrial relations scholars agrees that rules are a mandatory aspect as well. He however, criticizes the Oxford school and Dunlop for not acknowledging the importance of informal rules in the industrial relations system. Heyman (1975) takes the view of the Marxist perspective and views industrial relations as the process of control over work relations, or as the political economy of waged labour. The three perspectives of industrial relations are as follows: the Marxist perspective, the unitary perspective and the pluralist perspective. Fox agrees that industrial relations provided the foundation for Human Resource Management. Concepts and practice of industrial relations are as follows, collective bargaining, trade unions, models of trade unions, the voluntarist tradition, compulsory system and the adversary system. The first four decades of the 1930’s in the English- speaking Caribbean was dominated by political unionism. The shift was largely influenced by globalization. There was rapid expansion of enterprises in almost all aspects. The three phases which affects the Caribbean’s history were, the colonial phase and the colonial administrator, the post- colonial phase and the globalization phase. There was a social division between labour and capital in Trinidad and Tobago. During the 1930’s Trinidad and Tobago suffered the effects of the worldwide depression. There were unjust labour practices and the wages were exceptionally low. The colonial era in Trinidad and Tobago was basically one in where there was unilateralism in rule making by employers, voluntarism and non-involvement of the state and there was the social and economic exploitation of the people. During the post-colonial eras, there was the adversarial system, state control, it was pluralist to a certain extent and was unitary. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS The globalization period brought drastic changes to the public sector and  industrial relations. There were structural adjustment programs, free trade, foreign aid, investment as well as reforms in the labour market. Gray (1998) describes globalization as the worldwide spread of modern technologies of industrial production and communication of all kinds. The consequence was that solutions for the contemporary Caribbean were no longer the same as the ones in the past. There was a missing link and a burning need for a Human resource management approach to step in. It was the approach where â€Å"a human workplace† menaing â€Å"the company looks after their employees and the employees look after their company. The human resource management function was now an integral part of management. It can be said that the role of industrial relations, policies and practices have diminished in comparison to the earlier years under the traditional model after human resource management was introduced. During the 1930’s in Trinidad and Tobago, the industrial relations paradigm was quite dominant. There was a severity in struggle with respect to the working class as the country had experienced periods of enslavement and indentureship, workers had no rights and there was no place for grievances. This period was controlling and dominant and there was the Royal Commission of Lord Moyne (1938) which was to investigate the labour and social conditions in the British West Indian Colonies. In Trinidad and Tobago there was hardly any political representation and all power and responsibility was centered on the governor. Trade unions had to fight for political and social status, industrial politics political unionism and trade unions- based political parties are rooted in the tradition of Caribbean societies. This legacy has continued even until today in the Trinidad and Tobago public sector. However, it is safe to say that the implementation of human resource management policies and practice has reduced the influence and popularity of industrial relations to the public sector and society as a whole. With the implementation of various departments in organizations, including human resource departments, managers are taking are not only reducing the need for certain aspects of industrial relations but also deal with problems. Therefore the connection between employee and the trade union or government organizations are being wiped out. This may be because it fosters an environment that shows the employee that the organization cares, but may also reduce the chance of negative stories or problem leaking outside of the organization, preventing bad  reputations from being created. Human Resource Management includes conducting job analyses, planning personnel needs, recruiting the right people for the job, orienting and training, managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, evaluating performance, resolving disputes, and communicating with all employees at all levels. Examples of core qualities of HR management are extensive knowledge of the industry, leadership, and effective negotiation skills. Human resource management is formerly called personnel management. Although ‘high commitment’ as stated by some scholars, it reaps the most rewards for the organization itself. CONCLUSION Human resource management is seen as the new way forward. Industrial relations still has a connotation of trade union struggles and equality battles. Industrial relations still play a major role in organizations in Trinidad and Tobago. While human resource management is increasingly dealing with the issues and concerns of employees, there is still a need for government intervention. At the conciliation unit of the Ministry of Labour, Small and Micro Enterprise Development Limited, there are a thousand trade disputes reported on average per year. When management may be the problem, industrial relations and its components are of use. However, HRM is still a developing concept in Trinidad and Tobago. HRM could be seen as a developed country’s take on employee relations and Trinidad and Tobago is still developing. Aspects of the traditional public sector still exist. Since industrial relations still play a major role in Trinidad and Tobago society, it would be wise to adopt a more employee relations approach. In the past, HRM was not entirely successful in Trinidad and Tobago. It is still a relatively new concept and field to the developing world. Due to the circumstances and nature of Trinidad and Tobago, HRM may not be the best policy to implement in society at this time. Human Resource Management can also pose as a challenge for Industrial relations as it can undermine the role of trade unions at enterprise level. Realistically however, human resource management and industrial relations policies and practices can be harmonized to benefit each other. As society changes and more are demanded from employer, employee and the  organization, adopting the more common soft approach to human resource management shows development on the part of the industrial relations system. There is a need for industrial relations in society, but by adding more roles that may have diminished due to human resource manage, it ensures not only survival but the ability to survive in a society where west is viewed as better, and human resource management is the way of the west. References Ackers, Peter, and Adrian Wilkinson. Understanding work and employment: industrial relations in transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Bean, Ron. Comparative industrial relations: an introduction to cross-national perspectives. 2nd ed. London: International Thomson, 1999. Collings, David G., and Geoffrey T. Wood. Human resource management: a critical approach. London: Routledge, 2009. â€Å"Employment Relations and the Social Sciences.† Google Books. https://encrypted.google.com/books?id=lTIS5L5JbD0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed November 21, 2013). Mac Donald, David. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION: CHALLENGES FOR EMPLOYERS AND THEIR ORGANIZATIONS . Asia-Pacific in the Twenty-First Century Turin, Italy: ILO Workshop on Employers’ Organizations, 1997.

Work in Industrial Revolution essays

Work in Industrial Revolution essays During the later half of the 1700s, our country was going through some amazing changes. These changes did not involve politics, but they would eventually lead to some political policies the United States would soon pass. But these changes centered around economics and a new way of business in the U.S. They would also bring a new way of life for the middle and lower classes. These changes are no referred to as the Industrial Revolution, and it brought forth a new way of producing goods. It changed the face of our nation from and agricultural emphasis to one of industry and mass production of processed goods. This in turn changed how the country would look at work places and how workers were treated. Great Britain gave birth to this whole concept of industry while it was also the strongest power in the modern world. This was a revolution that could first only be started by a very powerful country. The U.S., France, and Germany would soon follow in the footsteps of Great Britain. With the introduction of this new huge concept, new problems would have to be tackled. Some of these problems concerned the work force (Giljie). One of the most famous technological advancements was that of steam power, and more exact, the steam engine. The world was also finding methods of fuel for energy, such as coal and petroleum. This revolutionized many industries including textiles and manufacturing. Also, a new communication medium was invented called the telegraph. This made communicating across the ocean much faster (Giljie). Though technology was thriving, it was at the cost of the socioeconomic status of the general population, which was falling. One consequence was the birth of large cities with massive housing. Many people were driven to the cities to look for work. In turn, they ended up living in the cities that could not support them. This new revolution also brought forth the idea of a materialistic society, which we still hav...